From X Tue Apr 13 21:23:41 CDT 1993 Article: 38489 of alt.folklore.computers Newsgroups: alt.folklore.computers Path: uchinews!msuinfo!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!usc!cs.utexas.edu!newsfeed.rice.edu!rice!adam From: adam@owlnet.rice.edu (Adam Justin Thornton) Subject: Re: Famous folks turned hackers.... Message-ID: Keywords: "This is an electrified fairytale." Sender: news@rice.edu (News) Organization: Milo's Meadow References: <1993Apr13.142254.3173@linkoping.trab.se> Date: Tue, 13 Apr 1993 23:57:39 GMT Lines: 31 Status: R In article mliggett@silver.ucs.indiana.edu (matthew liggett) writes: [Douglas Adams' involvement in HHGTTG and Bureaucracy questioned] >he was actually involved in writing it. >bureaucracy too. I think it was more like, Adams did the storyline, and Meretzky did the programming. >which leads me to a new question: >does anyone know any details of ZIL? this is supposedly >Zork Interactive Language and was the programming language which infocom >developed to write their games in. >thanks. Try ftp.gmd.de, in /if-archive/infocom. There you have a whole bunch of articles (in articles.zip) which include the classic "How to Fit a Large Program Into a Small Machine", along with some z-code, and in somewhere near there, you have an actual disassembler. You too can see the ZIP file (though not the ZIL code...it's weird looking stuff). Try rec.arts.int-fiction for a lot of both nostalgia about infocom and discussion about the theory and practice of IF. Rec.games.i-f for discussion about the specific games. Adam -- "And in the heartbreak years that lie ahead, |++| adam@rice.edu |++| Cthulhu Be true to yourself and the Grateful Dead." --Joan Baez | 64,928 | fthagn! "Very often, a common stone, thrown away and despised, is worth more than a cow." -- Paracelsus | If these were Rice's opinions I'd shoot myself. From uchinews!ncar!gatech!paladin.american.edu!news.univie.ac.at!hp4at!mcsun!sunic!news.lth.se!pollux.lu.se!magnus Thu Feb 18 18:13:23 CST 1993 Article: 34521 of alt.folklore.computers Xref: uchinews rec.arts.int-fiction:1873 alt.folklore.computers:34521 Newsgroups: rec.arts.int-fiction,alt.folklore.computers Path: uchinews!ncar!gatech!paladin.american.edu!news.univie.ac.at!hp4at!mcsun!sunic!news.lth.se!pollux.lu.se!magnus From: magnus@thep.lu.se (Magnus Olsson) Subject: Re: How do you write Romantic I-F ? Message-ID: <1993Feb17.144719.9524@pollux.lu.se> Sender: news@pollux.lu.se (Owner of news files) Nntp-Posting-Host: dirac.thep.lu.se Organization: Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Sweden References: <1993Feb15.080423.942@skynet.uucp> <1993Feb17.010850.24817@Princeton.EDU> Date: Wed, 17 Feb 1993 14:47:19 GMT Lines: 34 Status: R In article <1993Feb17.010850.24817@Princeton.EDU> jacobw@ernie.Princeton.EDU (Jacob Solomon Weinstein) writes: >neilg@fraser.sfu.ca (Neil K. Guy) writes: >I wrote a brief text-adventure version of "Waiting for Godot" a while >ago, but never bother to upload it. Essentially, you wander around a >vast, empty plain, and nothing ever happens. Would anybody be interested >in seeing it? Sure. Please upload it. (No sarcasm intended). This reminds me of an adventure - let's call it a *minimalist* adventure - that a friend wrote for my PB-100 pocket calculator while we were in high school; the following may not be the actual code, but at least it's _very_ similar. Notice how the author skillfully pokes fun at a common cliche of IF. :-) 10 PRINT "You are in a maze of passages all alike." 20 PRINT "Now what? "; : INPUT $ 30 IF $="N" THEN 10 40 IF $="S" THEN 10 50 IF $="E" THEN 10 60 IF $="W" THEN 10 70 IF $<>"QUIT" ; PRINT "Eh?" : GOTO 20 80 END (The code would of course have been even shorter if the PB-100 had allowed composite conditionals (IF $="N" OR $="S"...)). Has anybody ever written a smaller adventure? :-) Magnus Olsson | \e+ /_ Department of Theoretical Physics | \ Z / q University of Lund, Sweden | >----< magnus@thep.lu.se, thepmo@selund.bitnet | / \===== g PGP key available via finger or on request | /e- \q From uchinews!linac!uwm.edu!wupost!gumby!destroyer!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!news.columbia.edu!watsun.cc.columbia.edu!lasner Sun Oct 4 15:24:45 CDT 1992 Article: 28855 of alt.folklore.computers Newsgroups: alt.folklore.computers Path: uchinews!linac!uwm.edu!wupost!gumby!destroyer!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!news.columbia.edu!watsun.cc.columbia.edu!lasner From: lasner@watsun.cc.columbia.edu (Charles Lasner) Subject: Re: MDL Message-ID: <1992Sep30.074947.148@news.columbia.edu> Sender: usenet@news.columbia.edu (The Network News) Nntp-Posting-Host: watsun.cc.columbia.edu Reply-To: lasner@watsun.cc.columbia.edu (Charles Lasner) Organization: Columbia University References: <8em6K2C00YV9A1kfYt@andrew.cmu.edu> Date: Wed, 30 Sep 1992 07:49:47 GMT Lines: 129 Status: R In article <8em6K2C00YV9A1kfYt@andrew.cmu.edu> Samuel Roy Helwig writes: > > Does anyone in this group remember MDL (muddle)? I was told that >the original Adventure was written in it. It seems that it was an >interactive fiction game language. Is this true? Also, I was told that >the Infocom text-based games were written in a language based on a >subset of MDL. Finally, if anyone has the original Adventure source (in >MDL) or anything else in MDL, I'd like to look at it. > > thanx, > Sam Adventure was written in PDP-10 Fortran. Later it was bastardized down to run on the PDP-11 Fortran. Later still, the -11 version was made to run in 32K on the PDP-8. (I believe that certain features of the original source would have been better to migrate than the -11 version when bringing it to the -8 because both the -10 and -8 version support 36 bit variables.) The -8 version is now available for the DECmate II, III, III+. The -11 (and indirectly the -8) version port was done by Bob Subnik, originally of DEC. Various MIT students wrote MDL and the game ZORK in it. It was their "answer" to Adventure, and is somewhat more complex and difficult, and has some sections that are clearly "borrowed" from Adventure. For example, Adventure has a section where the room names are unique, but so similar, you can easily get lost. You are in a twisty little maze of passages, all different is *not* quite the same as you are in a little twisty maze of passages, all different, etc. Zork has a similar region requiring the same fortitude to get through. However, it also has another area where they have a similar name, but are literally identical to trick you. Also, there is another section described nonuniquely as a nondescript portion of a coal mine. Still another region is laid out mostly as a mirror image of another section. Some rooms have random exits, and the exit conditions change as a function of the state of the game. Eventually, Infocon hired some of the MIT students and also Bob Subnik. There is some confusion regarding the exact chronology of who had/took various files from MIT but in any case, there was at one point a Fortran-based ZORK that was known to be a hacked-up Adventure game with data taken from the MDL version, but the commands were simplified because Adventure's command parser is feeble by comparison to ZORK, even from the beginning. The game scoring of ZORK is such that there are some semi-critical paths in the sense that you have to get through regions of the game in a reasonable number of moves, or you lose sources of light. Some of the counting of said moves involve using some of the more compound usages of the commands such as TAKE ALL VALUABLES. The stupid Adventure parser needs for you to do commands like that in several moves. Thus, when you can't type THROW AXE AT DWARF and instead have to type THROW AXE, and be asked at what? and answer AT DWARF you take more turns. As such, that version had to relax certain mechanisms of the game to make it playable in this distorted form. Eventually, a version that was much smarter appeared in DECUS replacing the hacked-up one that had a better parser. This version has even been ported to MS-DOS. As far as I understand, it is fairly faithful to a popular "vintage" of the -10-based MDL version, but not the latest version available there. Apparently more features were added, and you have to do more work to be reincarnated, although this allows a "ghost" mode, and there are more points to earn to win a maximum score. Does anyone know if the MS-DOS version supports a "Real" version of the endgame? There has also been published a piece of artwork that is a map to the original version. It is "creative" enough to avoid certain minor details, such as one I noticed in the -20 version vs that hacked-up version that I played on VMS version 1.0: There is a direction out of one of the twisty maze rooms to connect to another room. The specific direction is something like SE, while in the hacked-up version which MIT never authorized, it is SW. The map can be used regardless due to clever drawing. I believe it was done by Steve Roy of DEC, and was published by the DEC Professional people (possibly called RSTS Professional back then?). Infocon changed the game in ways that are offensive to any seasoned player: They continued to enhance the parser in likely not-very-important ways, which isn't problematic, but they *broke* the game up into 3 parts merely to satisfy the requirement that each part could fit into a 64K CP/M system without swapping. This "proscribes" parts of the game, and enforces where you start at part 2 and part 3, etc. Moreover, they changed the game somewhat, adding and deleting features that where specific to the original and replacing them with features that in some people's opinions aren't consistent with the prose-style of the original Adventure and ZORK. (Both are similar in style, not particulars.) I understand that they continued development on a PDP-10 for these games, and that the development language became known as ZIL, later DDL. Eventually, they brought out MS-DOS versions of these games, but they ran from paranoidly copy-protected disks with disk copy counts (you can't copy a copy, and an original can only be copied twice), not from a true MS-DOS system disk. Again, the 64K restriction was applied, so the PC versions are "compatible" with the CP/M ones. Various people have broken into these disks, and floating around internet are MS-DOS files that run directly under MS-DOS of the three files in the "Zork Trilogy" as they call it, including solve files for all three. Looking at the solve files, I see that there is only faint resemblance to the faithful ZORK version which is also floating around the net, possibly in source form. It would derive from the version in DECUS for the VAX and -11, which points out that Bob Subnik is the latest author, and that it's the last non-commercial version that will be available. As far as I know, the MDL version with the extended features is the only complete version with the extended scoring and full end-game capabilities. (I think the DECUS and previous MDL versions can be identified by the max score of 585 and the newest features are the Bank of Zork with the Gnome of Zurich, and the large tree with the songbird, while the last MDL-only version scores something like 616 points and has the ghost mode and complicated reincarnation plus additional features. An expert player who solved the DECUS submission to the full 585 points wasn't able to get any higher with the last ZORK version, although he had little time to attempt to find more features. In his opinion, all added was upward compatible, because he found nothing different as he acquired his full score, yet not enough to fully "win" the game.) I assume that some of the people with KS20 systems at home can run this more advanced MDL version; perhaps they can fill us in on the additional features and scoring points, etc. Floating around the net is also a C-based version of Adventure that the authors were extremely careful to be faithful to the original. They point out a few bugs in the original, but in all other ways it's the same. There are even compatibility switches to handle certain quirks to be as compatible as anyone would want, etc. Had the Infocon version of Zork been as faithful, more people would be complaining less about it. As it stands, it is perceived as a sleazy way to make money off of a college hack. Since the files were taken, MIT did obtain a copyright on the program to prevent further misuse. cjl From uchinews!spssig.spss.com!news.oc.com!eff!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!caen!uunet!mcsun!sunic!lth.se!pollux.lu.se!magnus Sun Oct 4 15:27:15 CDT 1992 Article: 28859 of alt.folklore.computers Xref: uchinews alt.folklore.computers:28859 rec.games.int-fiction:338 Newsgroups: alt.folklore.computers,rec.games.int-fiction Path: uchinews!spssig.spss.com!news.oc.com!eff!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!caen!uunet!mcsun!sunic!lth.se!pollux.lu.se!magnus From: magnus@thep.lu.se (Magnus Olsson) Subject: Zork/Dungeon (was Re: MDL) Message-ID: <1992Sep30.104700.6275@pollux.lu.se> Sender: news@pollux.lu.se (Owner of news files) Nntp-Posting-Host: dirac.thep.lu.se Organization: Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Sweden References: <8em6K2C00YV9A1kfYt@andrew.cmu.edu> <1992Sep30.074947.148@news.columbia.edu> Date: Wed, 30 Sep 1992 10:47:00 GMT Lines: 143 Status: R In article <1992Sep30.074947.148@news.columbia.edu> lasner@watsun.cc.columbia.edu (Charles Lasner) writes: >Various MIT students wrote MDL and the game ZORK in it. It was their "answer" >to Adventure, and is somewhat more complex and difficult, and has some >sections that are clearly "borrowed" from Adventure. IMHO, these "borrowings" are more in the nature of a homage to Advent than plagiarism - the Zork authors were far too creative in the "original" portions of Zork for them to have to "steal" any ideas. Nowadays, lots of adventure authors (me included) just automatically include mazes of "twisty little passages, all alike", trolls guarding bridges, and so on (but preferably with new twists to the plot!) since they've become part of the interactive fiction mindset, as it were. Maybe some oldtimer could enlighten me as to whether Advent was such a classic already when Zork was written for this to be applicable? It should also be stressed that while Advent didn't have a real parser, and could only understand two-word "sentences" ("TAKE FOOD", "KILL DRAGON"), Zork/Dungeon made a really good attempt at natural-language processing. In fact, many modern games have parsers that are far inferior to the one in Zork. >Eventually, Infocon hired some of the MIT students and also Bob Subnik. Didn't these people *found* Infocom? >Eventually, a version >that was much smarter appeared in DECUS replacing the hacked-up one that had >a better parser. This version has even been ported to MS-DOS. As far as >I understand, it is fairly faithful to a popular "vintage" of the -10-based >MDL version, but not the latest version available there. This version is available from the comp.sources.games archives, I think. A few years ago, somebody undertook the huge, thankless task of translating the source (several hundred kB of spaghetti FORTRAN 66) into C, and they did a very good job of it! This C version has been ported to about every conceivable platform, including Macintosh. In fact even in the Mac version, the leaflet in the letterbox still says "No DECsystem should be without one" :-) >Infocon changed the game in ways that are offensive to any seasoned player: > >They continued to enhance the parser in likely not-very-important ways, which >isn't problematic I found at least one important enhancement: Zork II (the Infocom version) allows you to say "enter bucket" (any seasoned player knows why you would want to do that!), but the Fortran version barfs on that - I was totally baffled, having played the Infocom version first, and had to ask for help - it turned out the earlier parser only recognized "embark" or something like that, which is not evry logical. >but they *broke* the game up into 3 parts merely to >satisfy the requirement that each part could fit into a 64K CP/M system >without swapping. I think the requirement was without *disk* swapping - even after the breakup, the program uses overlays (don't know if it's of code or of data). Probably, the full game wouldn't have fit on one floppy disk on those early CP/M systems. >This "proscribes" parts of the game, and enforces where >you start at part 2 and part 3, etc. That's not very nice, no. But on the other hand, the original Zork cave is almost too big to be playable... >Moreover, they changed the game >somewhat, adding and deleting features that where specific to the original >and replacing them with features that in some people's opinions aren't >consistent with the prose-style of the original Adventure and ZORK. (Both >are similar in style, not particulars.) But IMHO at least one of the additions was great: The puzzle with the demon and the coloured glass spheres in Zork II is really beautiul - IF at its very best! (I could go into details to motivate this, but I see no reason to review Zork II so long after its release :-)). >I understand that they continued development on a PDP-10 for these games, >and that the development language became known as ZIL, later DDL. For those of you reading this in alt.folklore.computers, ZIL was used for all the later Infocom text adventures as well. >Eventually, they brought out MS-DOS versions of these games, but they ran >from paranoidly copy-protected disks with disk copy counts (you can't copy >a copy, and an original can only be copied twice), not from a true >MS-DOS system disk. On the other hand, nowadays you can buy the "Lost Treasures of Infocom" for ~$40, which contains Zork I/II/III and 17 other Infocom games, with no copy protection whatsoever. >Again, the 64K restriction was applied, so the >PC versions are "compatible" with the CP/M ones. Actually, all they ported was the Z-code (the code emitted by the ZIL compiler) interpreter. The data files are identical for CP/M, MSDOS and other platforms. >Various people have broken into these disks, and floating around internet >are MS-DOS files that run directly under MS-DOS of the three files in the >"Zork Trilogy" as they call it, including solve files for all three. Looking >at the solve files, I see that there is only faint resemblance to the >faithful ZORK version which is also floating around the net, possibly in >source form. I beg to disagree. Most of the puzzles are identical, as are the parts of the cave that weren't butchered when the game was split into three. >Floating around the net is also a C-based version of Adventure that the >authors were extremely careful to be faithful to the original. They point >out a few bugs in the original, but in all other ways it's the same. There >are even compatibility switches to handle certain quirks to be as compatible >as anyone would want, etc. A, yes, that's the one I was referring to above. >Had the Infocon version of Zork been as faithful, more people would be >complaining less about it. As it stands, it is perceived as a sleazy way >to make money off of a college hack. I may be but an inexperienced newbie, but this is actually the first time I've ever heard this criticism. It seems more or less "everybody else" (I suppose everybody who didn't first play the MDL version) tend to view the Infocom Zork trilogy as great classics of IF. >Since the files were taken, MIT >did obtain a copyright on the program to prevent further misuse. A copyright on which version? I'm asking because the Fortran sources floating around on the net are all "(c) Infocom". And isn't "misuse" a rather strong term - I've always thought the original authors of Zork were involved in starting up Infocom and doing what they did to the game. Magnus Olsson | \e+ /_ Dept. of Theoretical Physics | \ Z / q University of Lund, Sweden | >----< Internet: magnus@thep.lu.se | / \===== g Bitnet: THEPMO@SELDC52 | /e- \q From uchinews!ncar!gatech!rpi!think.com!galley Sun Oct 4 15:42:08 CDT 1992 Article: 29004 of alt.folklore.computers Xref: uchinews alt.folklore.computers:29004 rec.games.int-fiction:409 Path: uchinews!ncar!gatech!rpi!think.com!galley From: galley@think.com (Stu Galley) Newsgroups: alt.folklore.computers,rec.games.int-fiction Subject: Re: Zork/Dungeon (LONG) Date: 2 Oct 1992 21:45:40 GMT Organization: Thinking Machines Corp., Cambridge, Mass., USA Lines: 399 Message-ID: <1aifu4INNbl9@early-bird.think.com> References: <1992Sep30.074947.148@news.columbia.edu> <1992Sep30.104700.6275@pollux.lu.se> <1992Sep30.125808.15973@husc3.harvard.edu> NNTP-Posting-Host: django.think.com Keywords: history Zork Infocom Status: R from THE NEW ZORK TIMES Vol. 4 Nr. 1 - WINTER 1985 Copyright (c) Infocom, Inc. --- transcribed without permission The History of Zork -- First in a Series by Tim Anderson In the beginning, back in the 1960's, DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) created the PDP-10, a medium-sized computer. The "10", as it was called, became popular at many research installations, and a great deal of software was written for it, some of which is still far in advance of systems on more modern machines. At MIT's Artificial Intelligence Lab, an operating system called ITS (Incompatible Time-sharing System) was written for the 10. ITS was designed to make software development easy. The designers of the system assumed that it would have a small, knowledgeable, friendly group of users, so they did not include any security features. Around 1970, the ARPAnet was invented. ARPAnet made it possible for researchers all over the country (indeed, all over the world) to communicate with each other, and to use each other's machines. In those halcyon days, access was unrestricted; you could get on from any machine connected to the net, or by knowing an appropriate phone number. Budding hackers from around the country soon discovered that this made a wonderful playground. They also discovered that there were some computers at MIT with some neat stuff on them and no security -- anyone who could connect to the machines could log in. Also around 1970, a language called MUDDLE (later renamed MDL) was developed as a successor to LISP. It never succeeded in fully replacing LISP, but it developed a loyal user community of its own, primarily at MIT's Project MAC (now called the Laboratory for Computer Science) and especially in the Dynamic Modelling Group (later the Programming Technology Division). The Dynamic Modelling Group (DM), in addition to its other accomplishments, was responsible for some famous games. The first of these was a multi-player graphics game called Maze, in which players wandered around a maze shooting each other. Each user's screen showed the view of the maze that his or her computerized alter-ego saw, updated in real time. Dave Lebling was among those chiefly responsible (to blame?) for the existence of the game. The next game of note was Trivia (who says research labs aren't ahead of their time?), an ongoing "can you top this" contest for the truly crazed. Trivia, unlike Maze, could be played by network users, and achieved wide popularity on the ARPAnet. Marc Blank wrote the second version, and I maintained/hacked it; it was actually a legitimate test of a database system the group used for a research project. ln early 1977, Adventure swept the ARPAnet. Willie Crowther was the original author, but Don Woods greatly expanded the game and unleashed it on an unsuspecting network. When Adventure arrived at MIT, the reaction was typical: after everybody spent a lot of time doing nothing but solving the game (it's estimated that Adventure set the entire computer industry back two weeks), the true lunatics began to think about how they could do it better. Adventure was written in FORTRAN, after all, so it couldn't be very smart. It accepted only two-word commands, it was obviously hard to change, and the problems were sometimes not everything one could desire. (I was present when Bruce Daniels, one of the DM'ers, figured out how to get the last point in Adventure by examining the game with a machine-language debugger. There was no other way to do it.) By late May, Adventure had been solved, and various DM'ers were looking for ways to have fun. Marc Blank was enjoying a respite from medical school; I had just finished my master's degree; Bruce Daniels was getting bored with his Ph.D. topic; and Dave Lebling was heartily sick of Morse code. Dave wrote (in MUDDLE) a command parser that was almost as smart as Adventure's; Marc and I, who were both in the habit of hacking all night, took advantage of this to write a prototype four-room game. It has long since vanished. There was a band, a bandbox, a peanut room (the band was outside the door, playing "Hail to the Chief"), and a "chamber filled with deadlines." Dave played and tested the game, saw that it was pretty awful, and left, to spend two weeks basking in the sun. Marc, Bruce, and I sat down to write a real game. We began by drawing some maps, inventing some problems, and arguing a lot about how to make things work. Bruce still had some thoughts of graduating, thus preferring design to implementation, so Marc and I spent the rest of Dave's vacation in the terminal room implementing the first version of Zork. Zork, by the way, was never really named. "Zork" was a nonsense word floating around; it was usually a verb, as in "zork the fweep," and may have been derived from "zorch." ("Zorch" is another nonsense word implying total destruction.) We tended to name our programs with the word "zork" until they were ready to be installed on the system. By the time Dave got back, there was a (more-or-less) working game. It probably wasn't as big as Adventure, and was certainly less than half the size of the final version, but it had the thief, the cyclops, the troll, the reservoir and dam, the house, part of the forest, the glacier, the maze, and a bunch of other stuff. The problems were not as interesting as those that came later: it took time for people to learn how to write good problems, and the early parsers wouldn't support complicated solutions anyway. What we had done right was all in the "substratum." There was a well-defined (and easily-changed) theory governing interactions among objects, verbs, and rooms. It was easy to drop in new parsers, which happened frequently, since everyone and his uncle tried his hand at writing a parser (Marc finally became obsessed with it, and wrote the last 40 or 50 of them himself). And it was easy to add new rooms, objects, and creatures (I won't discuss the difficulty of adding new concepts yet). Zork, like Adventure, survived only because it was played by people outside the small community that developed it. In the case of Adventure, this was possible because it was written in FORTRAN and could run on practically any machine. Zork was written in MUDDLE, which ran on only some PDP-10s. Its user community was the group of "net randoms" that infested the MIT systems; remember that we had no security at all at this time. DM had developed an active community largely because of Trivia. Since Trivia was pretty dead by the time Zork came along, there weren't many other things for the randoms to do, so they hung around waiting for the next game. Early players of Zork ranged from John McCarthy, the inventor of LISP (we actually have a copy of the connectivity matrix that McCarthy used instead of a map), to twelve-year-olds from Northern Virginia. No one ever officially announced Zork: people would log in to DM, see that someone was running a program named Zork, and get interested. They would then "snoop" on the console of the person running Zork, and see that it was an Adventure-like game. From there, it only took a little more effort to find out how to start it up. For a long time, the magic incantation was ":MARC;ZORK"; people who had never heard of ITS, DM, or PDP-10s somehow heard that if they got to something called "host 70" on the ARPAnet, logged in, and typed the magic word, they could play a game. Although Zork in June 1977 was infinitely more primitive than, say, Zork I, it still had pretty much the same flavor. The Flathead family was represented, in the person of Lord Dimwit Flathead the Excessive, ruler of the Great Underground Empire; and the official currency was the zorkmid. Bruce was responsible for the purplish prose where these were first mentioned. Many of the details of the GUE were whimsical (if not silly), but we weren't completely immune to reality. In those days, if one wandered around in the dark area of the dungeon, one fell into a bottomless pit. Many users pointed out that a bottomless pit in an attic should be noticeable from the ground floor of the house. Dave came up with the notion of grues, and he wrote their description. From the beginning (or almost the beginning, anyway), the living room had a copy of "US News & Dungeon Report," describing recent changes in the game. All changes were credited to some group of implementers, but not necessarily to those actually responsible: one of the issues describe Bruce working for weeks to fill in all the bottomless pits in the dungeon, thus forcing packs of grues to roam around. The first major addition to the game, done in June 1977, was the river section, designed and implemented by Marc. It survives largely unchanged in Zork I, but illustrates very well the problems of building reality. There were minor problems of consistency -- some parts of the river were sunlit (and even reachable from outside), but others were dark. The major problem resulted from the new concept Marc introduced: vehicles. In the original game, there were rooms, objects, and a player; the player always existed in some room. Vehicles were objects that became, in effect, mobile rooms. This required changes in the (always delicate) interactions among verbs, objects, and rooms (we had to have some way of making "walk" do something reasonable when the player was in the boat). In addition, ever-resourceful Zorkers tried to use the boat anywhere they thought they could. The code for the boat itself was not designed to function outside the river section, but nothing kept the player from carrying the deflated boat to the reservoir and trying to sail across. Eventually the boat was allowed in the reservoir, but the general problem always remained: anything that changes the world you're modelling changes practically everything in the world you're modelling. Although Zork was only a month old, it could already surprise its authors. The boat, due to the details of its implementation, turned into a "bag of holding": players could put practically anything into it and carry it around, even if the weight of the contents far exceeded what a player was allowed to carry. The boat was two separate objects: the "inflated boat" object contained the objects, but the player carried the "deflated boat" object around. We knew nothing about this: someone finally reported it to us as a bug. As far as I know, the bug is still there. from THE NEW ZORK TIMES Vol. 4 Nr. 2 - SPRING 1985 Copyright (c) Infocom, Inc. --- transcribed without permission The History of Zork -- SECOND IN A SERIES by Tim Anderson When last seen, Zork(R) was a small game (probably slightly more than half the size of the final mainframe version) that ran on one computer. Although it was only six weeks old, and had never been advertised, it had a relatively large user community from all over the country. In some ways it was better than the classic Adventure at this time, but mostly it was the next game to come along, and it wasn't even the only contender. The characters: MIT-DM, a PDP-10 running ITS; MDL (aka Muddle), a language that ran only on PDP-10s; Marc Blank, Bruce Daniels, Dave Lebling, and Tim Anderson, intrepid implementers; and assorted net randoms. July 1977 saw two major additions to the game, the last for several months (we weren't exactly hired to write the thing, after all). The first of these was another BKD special: Bruce didn't write much code, but he was willing to design problems. We went to him, and asked for a particularly nasty section; the result was the coal mine. His design was originally nastier than the final implementation, since the maze was just about as horrible as the original one in the game; it got simplified due to popular demand. The problems were improving in quality, and the coal mine maze was a late example of making things hard by making them tedious. The volcano section was Marc's second vehicle implementation, but is perhaps more noteworthy for the loving portraits of Lord Dimwit Flathead the Excessive that decorated the coin and stamp found in the section. The river (see Part I) and volcano sections, in addition to vehicles, required a better concept of time: both the boat and the balloon moved more or less on their own, and the volcano required the use of explosives and fuses. Marc added a clock daemon, which processed a queue of events that would happen some fixed number of moves later. This handled, in addition to the movement of the vehicles, the fuse, the lantern burning out, and the mysterious gnomes that occasionally appear. The first of these was in the volcano: if the player got trapped in the upper reaches of the volcano by losing his balloon, after a few moves a volcano gnome would appear and offer freedom in exchange for a treasure. We were just being nice; most players weren't allowed to save their games, so they had no way of backing out if they made such a mistake. The gnome allowed them to keep playing, albeit with no chance of getting all the points. Even before the volcano section, we'd talked about a problem that involved flying; Dave had a preference for something with an eagle, and its aerie, but we could never figure out how to restrict things enough -- it wouldn't do to have a parallel map of the game viewed from the air. Once again, we worried about restraining a new concept, so the balloon had no way of leaving the volcano. And once again we were bitten by a new concept. When the player used the explosives in the wrong place, and didn't get out of the way, he'd end up with 20,000 pounds (or was it tons?) of rock on his head. This made a certain amount of sense in the underground section, but not out in the forest. No more sections were added to the game for several months after July, but it continued to improve. In addition it finally moved to machines other than DM, thus greatly expanding the number of players. Although Muddle ran primarily on DM, a version for TENEX (the most popular PDP-10 operating system on the Arpanet) had existed for some time; the TENEX version could, with some minor modifications, run on TOPS-20 as well. We finally succumbed to one of the requests for a copy of Zork when we were given an account on a TOPS-20 machine on the net. After we made the necessary software modifications, of course, many copies could be made; a mailing list of Zork owners developed, so They could get whatever updates appeared. Although people could get runnable Zorks, they couldn't get sources. We tried two approaches to protecting the sources (remember, there was no protection of any sort on DM): they were normally kept encrypted; and we patched the system to protect the directory where we kept the sources (named CFS, for either "Charles F. Stanley" or "Computer Fantasy and Simulation"). This worked pretty well, but was finally beaten by a system hacker from Digital: using some archaic ITS documentation (there's never been any other kind), he was able to figure out how to modify the running operating system. Being clever, he was also able to figure out how our patch to protect the source directory worked. Then it was just a matter of decrypting the sources, but that was soon reduced to figuring out the key we'd used. Ted had no trouble getting machine time; he just found a new TOPS-20 machine that was undergoing final testing, and started a program that tried every key until it got something that looked like text. After less than a day of crunching, he had a readable copy of the source. We had to concede that anyone who'd go to that much trouble deserved it. This led to some other things later on. Players hadn't been able to save their Zorks because the method we used at first took several hundred thousand bytes for each save, and even on a time-shared system that was excessive. Marc, around this time, invented a new way of saving that cut the size down to something more reasonable, with the slight disadvantages that any new rooms or objects added to the old game would break existing save files, and that it never quite worked right anyway. However, it did make it easier to play the game, and we still had the silly notion of being nice to our users. Fall '77 saw two major additions to the game, as Marc took another break from medical school (yes, fans, he did graduate on time), and Dave got into coding in a big way. The Alice in Wonderland section, complete with its magic bucket and robot, was installed. The robot was the first "actor," an object that could perform some of the same tasks the player could. The style of address was familiar: "ROBOT, TAKE THE CAKE." The implementation of this required another change in the game's flow of control, and changes to anything else that one could reasonably talk to. The first version of fighting was added about the same time. Dave, an old Dungeons and Dragons player, didn't like the completely predictable ways of killing creatures off. In the original game, for example, one killed a troll by throwing a knife at him; he would catch the knife and gleefully eat it (like anything else you threw at him), but hemorrhage as a result. Dave added basically the full complexity of DD-style fighting, with different strengths for different weapons, wounds, unconsciousness, and death. Each creature had its own set of messages, so a fight with the thief (who uses a stiletto) would be very different from a fight with the troll and his axe. As a result of the purloined sources at DEC, a lunatic there decided to translate Zork into FORTRAN. We had always assumed this would be impossible: Muddle is very (oops, *very*) different from FORTRAN, and much more complicated, and we'd used most of its features in designing Zork. The guy who did it was mostly a hardware person, so perhaps he didn't know what he was up against. At any rate, shortly after the Great Blizzard of '78 he had a working version, initially for PDP-11s. Since it was in FORTRAN, it could run on practically anything, and by now it has. Unfortunately, at some point in the preceding year we (no one will now admit to suggesting the idea) had decided to change the name of the game. Zork was too much of a nonsense word, not descriptive of the game, etc., etc., etc. Silly as it sounds, we eventually started calling it Dungeon. (Dave admits to suggesting the new name, but that's only a minor sin.) When Bob the lunatic released his FORTRAN version to the DEC users' group, that was the name he used. I'm sure many people have noticed a curious similarity between the Dungeon game they played on their friendly IBM 4341 and the Zork I they played on their equally friendly IBM PC; now you know why. Fortunately for us, a certain company (which shall remain nameless) decided to claim that it had trademark rights to the name Dungeon, as a result of certain games that it sold. We didn't agree (and MIT had some very expensive lawyers on retainer who agreed with us), but it encouraged us to do the right thing, and not hide our "Zorks" under a bushel. The next section that was added was intended to be the last: after a player had accumulated all the points in the game, he could play the End Game, designed largely by Dave. This became the section of Zork II with the Dungeon Master, and at the time was certainly the most involved, and hardest (as it should have been) thing in the game. The implementation was, if anything, more involved than the problem. Less than two months later, though, Marc had come up with something worse, probably during a boring anatomy lecture. The bank section has probably been fully deciphered by fewer people than anything else in the game; even those who solve it on their own don't usually understand what was going on. I can only say that it makes sense if you understand it. For some time, we'd been getting bug reports, fan mail, and suggestions for new problems from all sorts of people. We were beginning to run a little short on ideas anyway, and one of the ideas we got was very good. During a lengthy dinner at Roy's, our favorite Chinese restaurant, we worked out the details of the jewel-encrusted egg, purple prose courtesy of Dave. Many people on the net had long since solved the game, but went back in and did any new problems that came along; one of them had played DD with Dave, and called him up about a day after the egg was announced. "I've gotten the egg opened, but I assume you losers have some nonsense where you do something with the canary and the songbird. Dave, no fool, said "Cough, cough, ahem, of course," and immediately went off and added the brass bauble. The remaining puzzles, the Royal Zork Puzzle Museum and the palantirs, were added in the late summer and fall of 1978. The puzzle was designed (several times) primarily by Bruce, who in theory was back trying to finish his dissertation. Finding the minimum number of moves required to solve it was a popular pastime among dedicated Zorkers for a while. The last (lousy) point was a tribute to the final point in the original Adventure, which involved leaving a particular object in a particular room for no particular reason. When we first solved Adventure in 1977, Bruce finally figured this out by using a machine-language debugger on the running game (since Adventure was not written in machine language, this was not easy). The major difference between that and our version (a stamp worth One Lousy point) is that it would be harder to find ours without the source of the game. The last puzzle was added in February of '79. We (mainly I, at this point) kept fixing bugs for almost two more years -- the last mainframe update was created in January of '81. No new puzzles were added because none of the implementers had time or inclination, and because we had no more space available: at the time, we were limited to a megabyte of memory, and we had used it all up. The first article about Zork appeared in April of '79, and attracted a great deal of interest; some of this may have been because we offered to give people the game (if they didn't already have it), and gave them parts of the sacred sources as well. Infocom was incorporated in 1979 by various people from the DM group, including Marc, Dave, and me. It was not founded to sell Zork; rather, it was founded to give group members somewhere to go from MIT. Marc and Joel Berez (both exiled to Pittsburgh) determined that it would be possible to make Zork run on something cheaper than the $400,000 PDP-10, and the company eventually went along. See the next NZT for further details. In the meantime, we still get requests for hints on the mainframe Zork (sometimes it's called Dungeon, and often it's on something other than a PDP-10). The most recent request for a copy came in on April 1, but I think it was serious. [end] From uchinews!ux1.cso.uiuc.edu!moe.ksu.ksu.edu!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!news.columbia.edu!watsun.cc.columbia.edu!lasner Sun Oct 4 15:47:47 CDT 1992 Article: 28983 of alt.folklore.computers Xref: uchinews alt.folklore.computers:28983 rec.games.int-fiction:397 Newsgroups: alt.folklore.computers,rec.games.int-fiction Path: uchinews!ux1.cso.uiuc.edu!moe.ksu.ksu.edu!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!news.columbia.edu!watsun.cc.columbia.edu!lasner From: lasner@watsun.cc.columbia.edu (Charles Lasner) Subject: Re: Zork/Dungeon (was Re: MDL) Message-ID: <1992Oct2.104737.21357@news.columbia.edu> Sender: usenet@news.columbia.edu (The Network News) Nntp-Posting-Host: watsun.cc.columbia.edu Reply-To: lasner@watsun.cc.columbia.edu (Charles Lasner) Organization: Columbia University References: <1992Sep30.074947.148@news.columbia.edu> <1992Sep30.104700.6275@pollux.lu.se> <1992Oct1.113936.24516@bohra.cpg.oz.au> Date: Fri, 2 Oct 1992 10:47:37 GMT Lines: 62 Status: R In article <1992Oct1.113936.24516@bohra.cpg.oz.au> als@bohra.cpg.oz.au (Anthony Shipman) writes: > >Are you referring to the "cdungeon" program found in > comp.sources.games/volume12/cdungeon > >It's History file says that it is translated from the Fortran but that >it has been superceded by Zork. .... > >cdungeon has ..... > > > >/*COPYRIGHT 1980, INFOCOM COMPUTERS AND COMMUNICATIONS, CAMBRIDGE MA. 02142*/ >/* ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, COMMERCIAL USAGE STRICTLY PROHIBITED */ >/* WRITTEN BY R. M. SUPNIK */ > > >So now I'm confused. What is the genealogy? > > dungeon --> cdungeon --> Zork --> Zork I, II, III > >or > > dungeon --> (cdungeon = Zork) --> Zork I, II, III > >or > > dungeon --> cdungeon --> (Zork = Zork I) -->Zork II, III > > >or what? I would like this explained also. As far as I'm concerned, there is only one "true" ZORK, the MDL version. However, while it was under development, various ripoffs of it appeared. Apparently cdungeon is a port or translation of the Fortran version that aspires to be compatible with the 585 point version of MDL ZORK which isn't the latest version. Moreover, the Fortran version itself went through revisions and was originally a hacked-up version of Adventure in Fortran appropriated to attempt to run the MDL ZORK's cave description, without permission of MIT, which in turn led to MIT copyrighting 1980 MDL ZORK itself. Apparently Supnik, a known former DEC employee, who in turn was responsible for converting the Fortran-10 sources of Advent into the wimpier PDP-11 Fortran version (wimpier because the Fortran is wimpier; he had little choice), evolved the Fortran code into something a little better suited to play the 585 point ZORK, but still not quite as good as MDL ZORK always was. If cdungeon is merely a port to C, so be it. In any case, there is no other version of 616 point MDL ZORK to be had anywhere. The ZORK trilogy is split into three contrived parts, and has additional incompatible features, some of which are considered to have merit by certain people, but clearly not totally agreed upon as improvements by all observers for all changes. The consensus is that the splitting is an unacceptable intrusion into the spirit of the game, and was merely done as an expediency so each part can fit into the memory of 64K machines alongside an interpreter of the Z code generated for that module of the game. Admittedly the parser of Zork Trilogy may be as good or even slightly better than MDL ZORK, but this is far outweighed by the split. Moreover, MDL ZORK' parser at the 616 point version represents a somewhat better parser than the MDL ZORK parser for the 585 point earlier version, which is apparently the role model for all of these other inferior versions. cjl From uchinews!ncar!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!usc!rpi!crdgw1!rdsunx.crd.ge.com!usenet Mon Oct 5 11:49:13 CDT 1992 Article: 29078 of alt.folklore.computers Xref: uchinews alt.folklore.computers:29078 rec.games.int-fiction:446 Path: uchinews!ncar!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!usc!rpi!crdgw1!rdsunx.crd.ge.com!usenet From: meltsner@crd.ge.com (Kenneth J Meltsner) Newsgroups: alt.folklore.computers,rec.games.int-fiction Subject: Re: Zork/Dungeon (was Re: MDL) Message-ID: <1992Oct5.152447.29710@crd.ge.com> Date: 5 Oct 92 15:24:47 GMT References: <1992Sep30.074947.148@news.columbia.edu> <1992Sep30.104700.6275@pollux.lu.se> <1992Oct1.113936.24516@bohra.cpg.oz.au> <1992Oct2.104737.21357@news.columbia.edu> Sender: usenet@crd.ge.com (Required for NNTP) Reply-To: meltsner@crd.ge.com Organization: GE Research and Development Center Lines: 64 Nntp-Posting-Host: chipman.crd.ge.com Status: R In article <1992Oct2.104737.21357@news.columbia.edu>, lasner@watsun.cc.columbia.edu (Charles Lasner) writes: |>The consensus is that the splitting is an unacceptable |>intrusion into the spirit of the game, and was merely done as an expediency |>so each part can fit into the memory of 64K machines alongside an interpreter |>of the Z code generated for that module of the game. It wasn't the memory of the machines, but the disk space. The original ZIL interpreters did include the ability to load (somewhat compressed) text off of disk, as well as ZIL codes as you went from room to room. Unfortunately, given the incredibly small disks of the time on machines like the C-64, even putting the interpreter on a separate disk would still mean that an unpartitioned full Zork would require more floppy swaps than you could imagine. The memory became a constraint later on as the parsers became more sophisticated, more verbs were added, etc. I still remember the impressive shift from 64K to 128K required memory -- the extra 64K made a real difference for a couple of games. (Which ones? I recall that Meretzkey's "A Mind Forever Voyaging" was the first 128K game, but I could be wrong. They're all boxed in the attic now.) As to Infocom and Dungeon and MIT: (Several of) The Infocom founders were employed by MIT and wrote the original MDL Zork as a response to Adventure and as something of an experiment. MIT released the rights to Zork, based on its lack of commercial value, and a FORTRAN version was hacked together, which appears to be the source of the C version. Along the main line of development of Zork, the Infocom founders formed the company (which was intended to be a database company eventually, hence the name) and wrote a Zork series broken up into chunks small enough to fit on the dominant personal computers (Apples, etc.) of the time. Everything grew from the Zork series, although the games became simpler and less arbitrary to facilitate solution without "secret" knowledge, and because most people had serious problems solving the "expert level" Infocom games. Infocom eventually killed itself off by pouring tons of bucks into Cornerstone, which was its original reason for existence, and was acquired by Activision. Activison never understood the niche text adventure market and proceeded to push out mediocre and under-tested adventures with increasing graphical content. Eventually, they pulled the plug on the Cambridge operation. Infocom at its peak put out literate and well-tested games of a quality unmatched by its competitors or successors. A few approach the effect of a good short story or novella; I'd suggest Trinity or Bureaucracy for good examples of what can be done within the Infocom-style adventure genre. Disclaimer: I was in a club at MIT with some of the Infocom types. Most of this based on dim recollections. Also, my wife beta-tested several Infocom games. =============================================================================== Ken Meltsner | meltsner@crd.ge.com (518) 387-6391 GE Research and Development Center | Fax: (518) 387-7495 P.O. Box 8, Room K1/MB207 | Nothing I say should be attributed Schenectady, NY 12301 | to my employer, and probably vice-versa ================ Materials and Manufacturing, World O' Stuff ================== From uchinews!linac!pacific.mps.ohio-state.edu!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!cs.utexas.edu!swrinde!sdd.hp.com!think.com!galley Fri Oct 16 17:45:04 CDT 1992 Article: 29514 of alt.folklore.computers Xref: uchinews alt.folklore.computers:29514 rec.games.int-fiction:606 Path: uchinews!linac!pacific.mps.ohio-state.edu!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!cs.utexas.edu!swrinde!sdd.hp.com!think.com!galley From: galley@think.com (Stu Galley) Newsgroups: alt.folklore.computers,rec.games.int-fiction Subject: Re: Zork/Dungeon (LONG) Date: 16 Oct 1992 22:28:34 GMT Organization: Thinking Machines Corporation, Cambridge, Mass., USA Lines: 278 Message-ID: <1bnfmiINN6vd@early-bird.think.com> References: <1992Sep30.104700.6275@pollux.lu.se> <1992Sep30.125808.15973@husc3.harvard.edu> <1aifu4INNbl9@early-bird.think.com> NNTP-Posting-Host: django.think.com Keywords: history Zork Infocom Status: R THE NEW ZORK TIMES - SUMMER 1985 - Vol. 4 Nr. 3 (c) 1985 Infocom, Inc. The History of Zork -- The Final (?) Chapter: MIT, MDL, ZIL, ZIP by Stu Galley Special To The New Zork Times The year: 1979. As Tim Anderson has recounted in previous installments in this series, Zork was one large computer game, about a megabyte in size -- as large as it could be and still fit in its original home, a DECsystem-10. Marc Blank and Dave Lebling designed and wrote the program, with the help of Bruce Daniels and Tim. They had met and worked together in a research group at M.I.T., and now the group was losing valuable talent through graduation and the lure of "the real world." Several members of the group believed that they could still produce outstanding computer-based products in almost any category -- from programming languages like MDL (an important influence on modern Lisp) to data bases, electronic mail and artificially intelligent systems -- if only centrifugal force didn't separate them. The problem: What sort of product could the group work on together, and to whom could they sell it? As early as 1976, they had discussed the potential marketability of various computer games that had been designed or implemented by group members just for fun. Now their attention was focused on various potential products based on mini-computers, some involving custom hardware as well as software. The group was ignoring the potential of a mass market for micro-computers, not only from lack of experience with them (the group's unofficial motto is "We hate micros!") but also from serious concerns about software piracy. Joel Berez had graduated from the group and was working in his family's business in Pittsburgh. Marc had finished medical school (and moonlighting on Zork development) and was starting his medical residency in Pittsburgh. These two had long been friends, and they liked getting together for a Chinese dinner and conversation. One topic of conversation was "the good old days" at M.I.T., and one reason that the old days were good was Zork. They wished that Zork's wonderfulness (or "taste and winnage" in M.I.T. jargon) could somehow be brought to more people. But very few people had access to the large computers that could run Zork. More and more people were beginning to buy personal computers -- like the Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I or the Apple II -- but those computers were too small to run Zork. Or were they? Joel and Marc began some seat-of-the-pants design work (much of it on Joel's parents' coffee table) on how much Zork could be compressed, and how to do so in a flexible way to allow for different, incompatible personal computers in the future. They considered using available "portable" tools for programming, like UCSD Pascal, but it soon became clear that Zork had too much text in it. (Keep in mind that a standard personal computer at this time came with 16K bytes of memory and no disk drive.) They finally concluded that, by inventing a programming system specifically for Zork, they could fit about half of it into a computer with 32K bytes of memory and one floppy-disk drive. Meanwhile, the group at M.I.T. was in the process of forming a corporation -- choosing "Infocom" as the name least offensive to everyone -- and searching for a project that would quickly produce a product to start generating income for the company. Among the projects they considered were systems for keeping track of documents, handling electronic correspondence, and processing text. When Zork was added to the list of possibilities, Joel and Marc worked intensively during the summer and autumn creating the programming tools for their design. And they had to work for IOUs, since the company treasury -- which started with only $11,500 -- could afford to pay only for the hardware they needed at the time. The key to their design was an imaginary computer chip called the "Z-machine." This chip would be able to run Zork (or at least part of it) if the program were coded in a special, very compact language. Then the design called for each personal computer to have a program (called a Z-machine Interpreter Program or ZIP) that would interpret the special Z-machine language and make the computer act the same way that a real Z-machine would. In order to get Zork written in this special language, another language was invented, called Zork Implementation Language (ZIL), similar in many ways to MDL. Marc built a two-stage translator program that would translate a ZIL program, first into an assembly language and then further into the Z-machine language. He also built a ZIP so that a DECsystem-20 could emulate the Z-machine. There was still the problem of cutting Zork in half. Dave examined his complete map of Zork and drew a boundary around a portion that included about 100 or so locations: everything "above ground" and a large section surrounding the Round Room. The object was to create a smaller Zork that would fit within the constraints established by the design of Joel and Marc. Whatever wouldn't fit was to be saved for another game, another day. In the process of being converted from MDL into ZIL, the program became "cleaner" and friendlier. The geographies of the maze and the coal mine were simplified so that the connections were less arbitrary, and in other places complexity was removed whenever it didn't serve a justifiable purpose. For example, there was originally a barrel sitting near the top of Aragain Falls, but it was just a red herring; its only purpose was to lure unsuspecting adventurers inside and carry them over the falls to destruction. The Rainbow Room had its name changed to On the Rainbow, and that meant removing the silly joke about Rockefeller Center and the NBC Commissary. Since the Land of the (Living) Dead (the word "Living" was removed in order to fit the name on the status line) no longer led to the stairway where Zork III later began, the crystal skull (a brand-new treasure) was put there instead. By late 1979, Joel and Marc had both moved back to Boston. Joel had been elected president of Infocom and started business school, and Zork I was shaping up as lnfocom's first product. Zork I first saw the light of day on a DECsystem-20 on which the company was renting time, then on the PDP-11 in Joel's bedroom. Scott Cutler (who had graduated from the group a couple of years before) used his TRS-80 Model II to create a ZIP for a TRS-80 Model I. As 1980 dawned, Infocom spent a large portion of its bank account to purchase a Model I, and Scott and Marc demonstrated that Zork I was alive in it by starting the game and actually collecting points with the incantation "N.E.OPEN.IN." (It's certainly no less inspiring than "Come here, Mr. Watson; I want you!") Mike Dornbrook was enlisted to test Zork I for bugs and other bad features, because he had some experience with computers but no experience with the original Zork, exactly like our intended audience. (One of his contributions was the alternate -- and, some say, more logical -- solution to the Loud Room puzzle, which was added only after the first users of Zork I asked so often for hints for that puzzle.) He played it so much that he memorized the entire geography, and he fell in love with the game. He was convinced that it would attract a cult following, although others thought it would last maybe a year on the market and then fade away, like a video game. He urged the company to start planning spin-off products, like maps, hints, posters, T-shirts, etc. So the first published release of Zork I had another feature added, a "small piece of paper" in the artist's studio that said something like "Write to Infocom, P.O. Box 120, Cambridge, Mass. 02142 for info on other products, including Movement Assistance Planners (M.A.P.s) and Hierarchical Information for Novice Treasure Seekers (H.I.N.T.S.)." Besides leaving the door open for an after-market in Zork accessories, we wanted to start building a mailing list of customers for future direct mailings (like the one you are reading!). Now that the company had a flesh-and-blood product, how could a small group of hackers market and sell it? One possibility was to produce it ourselves and distribute it through computer chain stores. But that meant devoting time and energy to finding suppliers, producing packages, supporting users, and so on. Another possibility was to contract with a software publisher, but which one? Joel contacted Microsoft, but they were already publishing the original "Colossal Cave" adventure game -- the one that inspired Zork -- and by the time Zork fan Bill Gates heard of our offer, Infocom was deep in negotiations with Personal Software Inc. (PS). PS had several good features: it was the first true publisher of software developed by others; it was the leading publisher of computer games at the time; and it had strong ties to Software Arts Inc., where VisiCalc was invented (_requiescant_in_pace_), and where Zork I was demonstrated in February 1980. PS agreed in June to publish Zork I and sent us an advance on royalties, our first bonafide income! Sales began in December, and over the next nine months PS sold about 1500 copies of the TRS-80 version. * Also in June, we paid for a search of trademark records in preparation for registering "Zork" as our own trademark. We discovered that Mattel Inc. had registered "Mighty Zork" in 1973 for a toy model motorcycle, but that registration was cancelled in October 1979. Other trademarks discovered in the search were the likes of Zorr, Zorak, Zark, and Zowees (all by Mattel); Zogg, Zon, Zak, Zok, Zot, Zonk, and Zerak; and variations on Mork and Ork (by Paramount Pictures). Not to mention the Zork Hardware Company of El Paso and Albuquerque. We had another product in which PS had no interest: the PDP-11 version of Zork I. We sent product announcements to various places, including a newsletter for PDP-11 users, and as a result, the first copy of Zork I sold was a PDP-11 version! It came on an eight-inch floppy disk with a manual that I wrote and Joel had reproduced from a typewritten master. By the end of 1980, the version of ZIP for the Apple II had been created by Bruce, who had designed puzzles for the original Zork before graduating from M.I.T. and going to work for Apple Computer Inc. Apple Zork I proved more popular than the TRS-80 version; PS sold over 6000 copies in eight months. The first press reviews of Zork I were encouraging. In February 1981, BYTE magazine said, "No single advance in the science of Adventure has been as bold and exciting as the introduction of Personal Software lnc.'s _Zork,_The_Great_Underground_Empire._ . . . That the program is entertaining, eloquent, witty, and precisely written is almost beside the point. Unlike the kingdoms of the Adventures for machines with 16K bytes of memory and far from the classic counter-earthiness of the Colossal Cave in the original Adventure, Zork can be felt and touched -- experienced, if you will -- through the care and attention to detail the authors have rendered. . . . [A] most excellent and memorable work of computerized fiction." Mike Dornbrook was enlisted again to fulfill mail orders for personalized hints. Joel collected orders from the post office box, passed orders for maps and posters to his Significant Other for fulfillment, gave requests for hints to Mike, and gave me the numerous small checks to deposit in the bank. Mike created personalized hints off the top of his head, typing them on an old office typewriter. (When Mike started business school in September 1981, he founded a separate company, the Zork User's Group, and took over all mail-order sales. Only then did he computerize the operation. In 1983, Mike came back to work for Infocom, bringing Z.U.G. with him.) Meanwhile, Dave was designing Zork II. At first, the most straightforward approach seemed to be to use everything left out of Zork I and simply convert it from MDL to ZIL. But Dave's active imagination kept inventing new puzzles that virtually begged to be implemented. So the final design left out the Royal Puzzle and the "end-game" (both to appear in Zork III) and instead included the Wizard of Frobozz, the garden, and the new diamond maze. (The last was re-oriented to the compass based on Mike's belief that "southpaw" should be a hint.) The last of the original puzzles -- the long slide and "sending for the brochure" -- were left out of Zork III and didn't reappear until Sorcerer. Zork II was offered to PS in April and licensed in June 1981, about the same time that Joel graduated and became Infocom's first salaried employee. But we had serious concerns about PS's commitment, even to Zork I. After an initial rush of advertising, Zork I seemed to join PS's range of products as just another game. We were eager to make new versions and new titles -- including Zork III, "Zork: the Mystery" (Deadline), and "Zorks in Space" (Starcross) -- but not if our publisher wasn't also eager. The fact was that PS was planning to drop its line of entertainment software -- since their titles neither sold well over the long term nor brought in enough money to satisfy them -- and to change its name to Visicorp in order to identify closely with its "Visi-" series of business products. ** It now appeared that we had two choices: to negotiate and contract with another publisher (and to hope for more satisfaction), or to take the plunge and _become_ a publisher. We definitely preferred the second choice, but that required office space, production facilities, an advertising agency, and so on -- and most of all, money. But we threw caution to the wind, and hired Mort Rosenthal (who later founded Corporate Software Inc.) as marketing manager, who found a time-shared office in Boston's venerable Faneuil Hall Marketplace, a time-shared production plant in Randolph, an ad agency in Watertown, an order-taking service in New Jersey, a supplier of disks in California, and so on. The money came both from the company's founders and from a bank loan that they personally guaranteed. We announced Zork II and our new role as publisher with a Christmas promotion as eye-catching as we could afford. Thanks to our ad agency, we had a new style of packaging for both Zorks (the stone-built letters that are still in use), a counter display for stores, ads in major computer magazines, and direct-mail ads for dealers. We also bought PS's entire inventory of Zork I (except the TRS-80 version, which they still wanted to sell) to prevent them from "dumping" it on the market at bargain prices and lowering the public's image of "Zork" in general. Our first shipment went out just in time for Christmas sales. On New Year's Day 1982, we moved the company to larger space at the far end of Cambridge -- 55 Wheeler Street. Now we had office space for everyone, especially for Marc (now vice-president for product development) to finish Zork III. And we had enough space to set up all the personal computers -- instead of shuffling them from one person's home to another -- for testers to use, and for programmers to create or adapt ZIPs for Atari, CP/M, IBM PC, and other machines. Zork III was finished in the autumn, about the same time that the company began hiring people to begin developing its first business product. But that's another story. * Zork I came under the wing of PS's New Products Manager, a fellow named Mitch Kapor, who later founded Lotus Development Corp. ** In December 1984, after a long legal tangle with Software Arts over VisiCalc, Visicorp eventually merged into one of its own spin-off companies and disappeared. [end] From dik@cwi.nl Tue Mar 26 19:15:43 CST 1996 Article: 137638 of alt.folklore.computers Xref: uchinews alt.folklore.computers:137638 alt.sys.pdp10:1396 Newsgroups: alt.sys.pdp10,alt.folklore.computers Path: uchinews!gw2.att.com!news.midplains.net!chi-news.cic.net!news.math.psu.edu!psuvax1!news.cc.swarthmore.edu!netnews.upenn.edu!msunews!uwm.edu!lll-winken.llnl.gov!enews.sgi.com!sgigate.sgi.com!swrinde!newsfeed.internetmci.com!howland.reston.ans.net!EU.net!sun4nl!cwi.nl!dik From: dik@cwi.nl (Dik T. Winter) Subject: Re: Adventure (Was: The Computer Museum) Message-ID: Sender: news@cwi.nl (The Daily Dross) Nntp-Posting-Host: chrysant.cwi.nl Organization: CWI, Amsterdam References: <960319054842@fwancho.whc.net> <4iqlgf$hhk@tricia.msn.fullfeed.com> <4j3409$2o2@dns.plano.net> Date: Tue, 26 Mar 1996 01:19:46 GMT Lines: 48 Status: R In article <4j3409$2o2@dns.plano.net> Charles Richmond writes: > It is interesting that you would mention Lauren Weinstein. He posted some > messages about five years ago concerning the original subject of this > thread--Adventure. Evidently he had hacked some Adventure code (at Stanford?) UCLA > back when Adventure first came out. He had some very interesting stories to > relate--perhaps he can repost some of them. He had been hacking with the source a bit and extended the game slightly. (I think it was the C source by Jim@rank-xerox, and not the original Fortran source.) This extended version accidentally got into one of the BSD Unix distributions (and that was the version I first played). Later BSD distributions had the original again. Actually the extended version had a bug: "Please tell lauren@ucla-security that fatal bug 25 happened." which you got in some situations at the bottom of the volcano. (Going North was not a particular good idea, the "travels" array was not properly defined.) The situation with Zork/Dungeon and BSD Unix is also quite interesting. At one stage an RSX-11 executable was ported to V6 Unix by some hacker. Nearly all commands worked properly, the only things that did not work were saving and restoring games but some additional hacks had given replacements for that. (And if I remember right the time command dumped core.) This executable was hacked again into a V7 Unix executable (some system calls, especially the write system call, had been changed between V6 and V7). [And that was the one I have hacked back once upon a time into a V6 executable to run on a PDP 11/34.] This V7 version was the one that you had on a VAX with BSD Unix, it had a wrapper around it to put the machine in PDP compatibility mode. However, in one of the BSD 4.1 distributions (I think it was 4.1b or somesuch), it had been replaced by a native running version which had a slight extension (the puzzle room). Later BSD distributions had again the original PDP executable, so the puzzle room lived only a short time in BSD Unix (I think it must have been less than a year). Somewhere in my archive on tape I still must have all those executables. In a later stage I have taken the PDP executable and decompiled it into something resembling Fortran. This one I translated into a version of Pascal, with a compiler adapted to my purpose (in addition to the type CHAR it also needed to know the type ASCIICHAR with constant-denotations supporting that, and also interactive files of that type), and I put it up on a CDC Cyber. And in a later stage I did also add the puzzle room. Sweet memories. -- dik t. winter, cwi, kruislaan 413, 1098 sj amsterdam, nederland, +31205924098 home: bovenover 215, 1025 jn amsterdam, nederland; http://www.cwi.nl/~dik/ From uchinews!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!pipex!sunic!trane.uninett.no!eunet.no!nuug!EU.net!uunet!news.uiowa.edu!icaen!dsiebert Mon Aug 22 14:36:14 CDT 1994 Article: 74919 of alt.folklore.computers Path: uchinews!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!pipex!sunic!trane.uninett.no!eunet.no!nuug!EU.net!uunet!news.uiowa.edu!icaen!dsiebert From: dsiebert@icaen.uiowa.edu (Doug Siebert) Newsgroups: alt.folklore.computers Subject: Centipede on the Atari (WAS: Re: Remember those classic) Date: 21 Aug 1994 18:10:16 GMT Organization: Iowa Computer Aided Engineering Network, University of Iowa Lines: 49 Message-ID: <3385a8$lfs@news.icaen.uiowa.edu> References: <120340@cup.portal.com> <3358qo$83q@news1.shell> NNTP-Posting-Host: l_ecn02.icaen.uiowa.edu Status: R jlodoen@shell.portal.com (Jeff M Lodoen) writes: >Scott - Maxwell (ScottM@cup.portal.com) wrote: >: >If you'd like to play classic Atari games on your 486, stop by >: >your fave software shop and buy Microsoft Arcade! It comes with >: >great Windows versions of Missile Command, Asteroids, Battlezone, >: >Tempest, and Centipede. >: > >: But then I'd have to install Windows. I can't see wasting that much hard >: drive space and RAM when all the above games will fit comfortably on a >: single Atari floppy and live in 64k. >Hey, I'm an 8-bit booster but I wouldn't go that far. The 8-bit >versions of those games were fine attempts, but hardly accurate. >Asteroids didn't simulate vectors (it looked _worse_ than the >2600 version!). >Centipede.. see the arcade version's screen was rotated, so the >8-bit version (all home versions) were claustraphobic. MS Arcade >changed the aspect-ratio, but it's still not satisfying. Well, I wrote the 8-bit Atari Centipede, if I'd had a way to change the aspect ratio of people's television sets I would have. Guess they could have layed them on their sides ;-) Actually I only wrote about 80% of the game, we (a friend did the graphics, though the improved graphics never got in, the ugly temporary stuff was in the release version, ack!) started when we were 15, wrote most of it over the summer, then school started and I got a girlfriend, so we sold what we had to Atari for a piddling sum. It is rather amazing to me that a game with those ugly temporary graphics and completely awful code (my first assembly program of any real size, I would have done it a LOT differently with that I learned) is actually remembered fondly by people! My mom has recently been after me to clean up all the old junk in her basement, she has apparently decided to actually clean it up for once. She wants me to look through it all and figure out what I want to save. I know there are about 200 floppies down there, if I can find the version of Centipede with the improved graphics I'll put it up somewhere (I doubt Atari would care at this point ;-) ) It will be missing some of the game of course, but I'll give source so you all can have a good laugh and fix the deficiencies yourselves... -- Doug Siebert | I have a proof that everything I have stated above dsiebert@isca.uiowa.edu | is true, but this .sig is too small to contain it.